Filtre ND

Filtre à densité neutre : En photographie et en optique, un filtre à densité neutre ou filtre ND est un filtre qui absorbe de manière égale les rayonnements visibles quelle que soit la longueur d’onde. Le filtre, d’apparence grise, n’est pas coloré et ne modifie pas la teinte ou le rendu de couleur. Le but de ce type de filtre est de permettre au photographe une plus grande marge de manœuvre quant au réglage de l’ouverture, du temps de pose, ou du flou cinétique dans différentes situations, notamment lors de changements de conditions d’éclairement lumineux.
Un filtre ND est caractérisé par son facteur de transmission (ou transmittance)

T

{displaystyle {mathcal {T}}}

ou par sa densité optique D. Filtre à densité neutre sur Wikipédia (fr) 

Neutral-density filter : In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96. The purpose of a standard photographic neutral-density filter is to reduce the amount of light entering the lens. Doing so allows the photographer to select combinations of aperture, exposure time and sensor sensitivity that would otherwise produce overexposed pictures. This is done to achieve effects such as a shallower depth of field or motion blur of a subject in a wider range of situations and atmospheric conditions.
For example, one might wish to photograph a waterfall at a slow shutter speed to create a deliberate motion-blur effect. The photographer might determine that to obtain the desired effect, a shutter speed of ten seconds was needed. On a very bright day, there might be so much light that even at minimal film speed and a minimal aperture, the ten-second shutter speed would let in too much light, and the photo would be overexposed. In this situation, applying an appropriate neutral-density filter is the equivalent of stopping down one or more additional stops, allowing the slower shutter speed and the desired motion-blur effect. Neutral-density filter sur Wikipédia (en)